Heterogeneity of the gut microbiome in mice : guidelines for optimizing experimental design

Targeted manipulation of the gut flora is increasingly being recognized as a means to improve human health. Yet, the temporal dynamics and intra- and interindividual heterogeneity of the microbiome represent experimental limitations, especially in human cross-sectional studies. Therefore, rodent models represent an invaluable tool to study the host-microbiota interface. Progress in technical and computational tools to investigate the composition and function of the microbiome has opened a new era of research and we gradually begin to understand the parameters that influence variation of host-associated microbial communities. To isolate true effects from confounding factors, it is essential to include such parameters in model intervention studies. Also, explicit journal instructions to include essential information on animal experiments are mandatory. The purpose of this review is to summarize the factors that influence microbiota composition in mice and to provide guidelines to improve the reproducibility of animal experiments.Given the unmet need for standardizing the experimental work flow related to gut microbial research in animals, guidelines are required to isolate true effects from confounding factors.Given the unmet need for standardizing the experimental work flow related to gut microbial research in animals, guidelines are required to isolate true effects from confounding factors

Investment, uncertainty and irreversibility: evidence from belgian accounting data

This paper investigates the effects of uncertainty on the investment behaviour using firm-level data for a sample of Belgian manufacturing firms. In general, the results confirm former analysis at the aggregate level, stating that uncertainty does matter but that the sign of the effect and its magnitude largely depend on which proxies are used and how they are defined. It is shown that uncertainty has mainly an impact on the decision to invest and to a much lesser extent on the amount invested. Furthermore, the difference between reversible and irreversible investment is crucial. The impact of volatility on irreversible investment is far more larger than on reversible investment. In some cases, the amount of reversible investment will increase with higher volatility.investment, uncertainty, irreversibility

Does Stake Size matter for Cooperation and Punishment?

The effects of stake size on cooperation and punishment are investigated using a public goods experiment. We find that an increase in stake size does neither significantly affect cooperation nor, interestingly, the level of punishment

Base excision repair processing of abasic site/single-strand break lesions within clustered damage sites associated with XRCC1 deficiency

Ionizing radiation induces clustered DNA damage, which presents a challenge to the cellular repair machinery. The repair efficiency of a single-strand break (SSB) is ∼4× less than that for repair of an abasic (AP) site when in a bistranded cluster containing 8-oxoG. To explore whether this difference in repair efficiency involves XRCC1 or other BER proteins, synthetic oligonucleotides containing either an AP site or HAP1-induced SSB (HAP1-SSB) 1 or 5 bp 5′ or 3′ to 8-oxoG on the opposite strand were synthesized and the repair investigated using either nuclear extracts from hamster cells proficient (AA8) or deficient (EM7) in XRCC1 or purified BER proteins. XRCC1 is important for efficient processing of an AP site in clustered damage containing 8-oxoG but does not affect the already low repair efficiency of a SSB. Ligase I partly compensates for the absence of the XRCC1/ligaseIII during short-patch BER of an AP site when in a cluster but only weakly if at all for a HAP1-SSB. The major difference between the repair of an AP site and a HAP1-SSB when in a 8-oxoG containing cluster is the greater efficiency of short-patch BER with the AP site compared with that for a HAP1-SSB

Continent-scale pattern in temporal dynamics of avian assemblages

A common method of characterizing the bird assemblages of sites in landscape ecological research is to conduct a series of snapshot-type surveys, often over less than one year (Maron et al. 2005). However, highly mobile taxa such as birds show substantial interannual variability in species richness and community composition (e.g. Holmes et al. 1986), and this may have implications for the veracity of snapshot-derived patterns. The environmental correlates of inter-annual variability in bird assemblages are not well known, although it seems likely that more climatically stable regions support less dynamic avian assemblages (Jarvinen 1979). We conducted a continent-scale study to investigate associations between environmental factors and annual bird assemblage turnover rates in Australia. Correlates of inter-annual bird assemblage variability have rarely been investigated at this scale as long-term data from across a broad area are required. However, the availability of long-term, large-scale databases from volunteer-based monitoring initiatives provides opportunities for comparisons across large areas. For example, data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey revealed increased annual turnover in landscapes with smaller forest patches (Boulinier et al. 2001)

Security for the Industrial IoT: The Case for Information-Centric Networking

Industrial production plants traditionally include sensors for monitoring or documenting processes, and actuators for enabling corrective actions in cases of misconfigurations, failures, or dangerous events. With the advent of the IoT, embedded controllers link these `things' to local networks that often are of low power wireless kind, and are interconnected via gateways to some cloud from the global Internet. Inter-networked sensors and actuators in the industrial IoT form a critical subsystem while frequently operating under harsh conditions. It is currently under debate how to approach inter-networking of critical industrial components in a safe and secure manner. In this paper, we analyze the potentials of ICN for providing a secure and robust networking solution for constrained controllers in industrial safety systems. We showcase hazardous gas sensing in widespread industrial environments, such as refineries, and compare with IP-based approaches such as CoAP and MQTT. Our findings indicate that the content-centric security model, as well as enhanced DoS resistance are important arguments for deploying Information Centric Networking in a safety-critical industrial IoT. Evaluation of the crypto efforts on the RIOT operating system for content security reveal its feasibility for common deployment scenarios.Comment: To be published at IEEE WF-IoT 201

Workplace stressors for investigative interviewers of child-abuse victims

Purpose - This study aimed to identify the nature and prevalence of workplace stressors faced by interviewers of child sexual assault victims.Design/methodology/approach - Sixty-eight professionals (police and child protection workers) were invited to anonymously post their perceptions of workplace stressors on an internet forum as part of an investigative interviewing online training course. Specifically, participants were asked to reflect on salient sources of stress encountered in their role of interviewing sexually abused children.Findings - Three key stressors were identified across the study’s professional groups: (1) inadequate recognition of specialised skills; (2) high workload demands; and (3) interagency tensions. Consistent with previous research, exposure to child abuse reports was not raised as a stressor.Research limitations/implications - Our study generated suggestions for modifying management practices; however, future research should identify and trial strategies for improving workplace climate in child abuse investigation.Practical implications - As the stressors isolated by participants related to workplace climate rather than exposure to victims’ accounts of child abuse, minimising negative consequences of work stressors requires changes to workplace culture and practice. Workplace climates need to be modified so that the demands are offset by resources. Originality/value - Because of its online, anonymous nature, this was the first study to offer participants the opportunity to honestly disclose primary sources of stress in child abuse investigation. The research also makes a much-needed contribution to an area of police practice that is vital yet often overlooked